He could marry, go to court, make offerings, and tithe. The layman could have possessions, but only as much as he needed for his support. The rights of the laity in the Church appeared, in their crudest expression, as concessions made by the clergy. ,0 At first the distinction was stressed, and then also the subordination of the laity to the clergy. The school and the city naturally aroused in lay persons especially the taste for freedom, and so one can understand why the new canon law sought, among other things, to determine more clearly the frontiers between laity and clergy. In this way the laity gained something they had hitherto lacked for the most part: the possibility of expressing their concerns orally and especially in writing. In the new schools also, whose clerical character was long predominant, lay persons appeared among the teachers of medicine, law, and the liberal arts as well as among the students. They were lay persons who did not thereby intend to found a new order and did not assume any such monastic obli gations as vows.8 Gerhoh of Reichersberg thus expressed what was com mon to all of them: "Iudices, milites, praefecti vectigalium, mercatores, rustici regulam apostolicam sequuntur."9 The Gospel itself became for them, as later for Saint Francis, the rule of life. This was probably most evident among the hospital asso ciations, in which brothers and sisters united for the exercise of charity to the sick and the aged. Their statutes, made clear the tendency toward a religious and ecclesiastical expression of aim. THREATS TO FREEDOM OF THE CHURCH, 1153-98 Planitz, "Kaufmannsgilde und stadtische Eidgenossenschaft. Studien, 3) (Stuttgart 1965) on teaching the catechism at home, cf. Humanitas an der Schwelle des hofischen Zeitalters (Pariser Hist. von Moos, Hildebert von Lavardin (1067-1133). * Hildebert of Lavardin, Sermo 130 ad populum, PL, 171, 923 A on Hildebert, see P. Studien zu sozial-religiosen Bewegungen in der Zeit des Reformpapsttums (Leipzig 1956). Spading, De Apostolis, pseudoapostolis, apostolinis (typed dissertation, Munich 1947) E. Ill, "Die mittelalterliche Kirche", Part 2, "Vom kirchlichen Hochmittelalter bis zum Vorabend der Reformation" Herder, Freiburg ISBN 0 86012 086 4 Translated from the Handbuch der Kircbcngeuhtchte, edited by Hubert Jedin, Vol. HISTORY OF THE CHURCH Edited by HUBERT JEDIN and JOHN DOLANįROM THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES TO THE EVE OF THE REFORMATION by HANS-GEORG BECK KARL AUGUST FINK JOSEF GLAZIK ERWIN ISERLOH HANS WOLTERġ980 BURNS & OATES LONDON 2-10Jerdan Place, London SW6 5PT
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